Ukraine’s Court Rules All Foreign Films Must Be Dubbed into Ukrainian

Ukraine’s Higher Court of Arbitration has granted a complaint by the Prosecutor General’s Office concerning film distribution rights, which brings the provision on the state certificate for the right to distribute and show foreign films into line with the Constitutional Court ruling of December 20 2007, and requires that all foreign films be dubbed into the Ukrainian language, the Prosecutor General’office reported on Tuesday. Earlier reports said that the Constitutional Court had ruled that all foreign films be dubbed into Ukrainian, or be provided with subtitles before being shown to the public, as required by Article 14 of the Law on Cinematography.

The owners and managers of movie theaters asked to be given three years to switch to 100% dubbing, given an outflow of viewers who prefer to watch films in Russian translation.

Source: http://www.redorbit.com

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New Zealand: Google Maori is set to start

Google Maori helps te reo go places

Google Maori is set to start next week – just in time for Maori Language Week. Potaua Biasiny-Tule and wife Nikolasa decided last year that as Googlers could search in Elmer Fudd and Klingon lingo, then someone had to do the work for a te reo Maori version.

While Google is simple to use, translating technical phrases into Maori had its difficulties, which is why it took a year to do the job with more than 40 people involved, Mr Biasiny-Tule said.

“It occasionally did our heads in. There were a few controversial ones, especially with dialects, so we had to come to common agreement.” Mr Biasiny-Tule, of Tuhoe and Ngati Pikiao descent, is learning Maori. His wife is Puerto Rican and runs their online Maori media business.

“We had her half, knowledge of technology, and my half, knowledge of te reo, and we just went from there.” Mrs Biasiny-Tule, 35, said making sure the language went new places was important. “Our oldest boy Atutahi is in kohanga at the moment. He’s almost four and using the computer. We’ve been feeling like unless our kids take up the reo, it’ll be lost.

“But it [the language] needs to connect with him and it needs to reflect him. Technology is one of the ways to connect our kids to the language.”

Over the past year Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori (the Maori Language Commission), who have also worked on translations for Microsoft, provided specialist advice and help.

“We’re setting all the kupu hou [new words] for technology,” said chief executive Huhana Rokx.

“It’s not as easy as people think. You have to think technology but at the same time you have to think traditional in terms of the words.

“In many cases, what we’re doing is using old words in new ways.”

One example, she said was rorohiko, or computer, which is made up of roro, the brain and lightning, hiko.

Google spokesman David Griswold thanked the volunteers who worked on the project.

Source: http://www.nzherald.co.nz

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New translation of Solzhenitsyn’s “The First Circle” to be published

An uncut edition of “The First Circle,” a critically acclaimed and controversial novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, will be released in English by Harper Perennial, The Associated Press reported. The novel, set in a gulag, was banned by Soviet officials when it was completed in 1964. In 1968 a shorter English version was released over Mr. Solzhenitsyn’s objections. A new, complete English version of the text was approved several years ago, but its translator, Harry T. Willetts, died in 2005, delaying publication. Mr. Solzhenitsyn, now 89 and living in Moscow, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 and returned to his homeland in the 1990s after two decades in exile.

source: http://www.nytimes.com

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UAMS to hold program to train medical interpreters

The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Area Health Education Center-Southwest is conducting a medical interpreter training program this week.

The purpose of the training is to teach bilingual individuals the skills and techniques of providing medical interpretation in the health care setting. The curriculum being used is a pilot project of UAMS Regional Program in Little Rock called “Beyond Communications Limits.”

BCL is a combination of other medical interpreter training programs and materials. It is being developed by a group of staff from several UAMS AHECs…

Source: http://www.texarkanagazette.com

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The Qur’an: A New Translation

There was a time when an attempt to translate the Qur’an into any language was regarded as blasphemy. As the direct word of God, revealed to the Prophet Mohammed through the archangel Gabriel, the Qur’an was considered untranslatable. No matter how capable and sincere the scholar, it was thought that no translation could capture the grandeur and beauty of the original Arabic.

The Indian scholar and reformer Shah Waliullah (1703-1762) was the first Muslim to defy this tradition when he translated the Qur’an into Persian. He was roundly criticised for his efforts; some religious scholars pronounced a fatwa against him. But Shah Waliullah’s courageous enterprise paved the way for the Qur’an’s translation by Muslims into all languages. Alexander Ross (1649) did the first complete English version. More than 60 English translations have appeared. Since its revelation to the Prophet Mohammed in 7th-century Arabia, the Qur’an has moulded the lives of millions. Even today, it is regarded as a book of guidance par excellence by more than 1bn Muslims the world over. Little wonder that it has been at the centre of scholarly attention by both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars. However, with so many English translations, is a new one really justifiable?

Tarif Khalidi’s new text stands above others on several counts. First, he has done well to state clearly the Muslim beliefs about the Qur’an and its immense impact on Muslim society and world history. In this respect, this publication marks an important departure from the usual western-focused or orientalist discourse on Islam, which often fails to present Islam and the Qur’an as Muslims believe in them.

Khalidi is also sensitive to the multiplicity of registers in the Qur’anic text – which veers from legalistic commands to profound homily. Alive to this feature, he has introduced for the first time horizontal and vertical formats in the layout. His poetic, vertical presentation of dramatic, emotionally charged dialogues – such as the following exchange between God, Mohammed and the unbelieving Makkans – is a striking change from the usual bland paraphrasing in English translations:

“Say: ‘To whom does the earth and all upon it belong, if you happen to know?’

And they shall respond: ‘To God’ […]

Say: ‘Who is the Lord of the seven heavens, the Lord of the great throne?’

And they shall respond: ‘God’ […]

Say: ‘How then can you be so beguiled?’”

This translation brings into relief a largely unacknowledged feature of the Qur’an – gender equality – which is at times eclipsed by the unjust patriarchal order in some Muslim societies. In his introduction, Khalidi observes that “the most startling aspect of its [the Qur’anic] rhetoric is the deliberate address to women alongside men, rendering the Qur’an among the most gender-conscious of all sacred texts”. Another departure is Khalidi’s use of “the eternal present tense”, which is reader-friendly and highlights the timelessness and universality of the Qur’anic message.

Notwithstanding Khalidi’s rejection of the “nineteenth century [western] paradigm of reading the Qur’an”, he at times commits some surprising errors of perspective spawned by an orientalist discourse. In his glossary, for example, he brands several figures and events as “unidentified”, “uncertain” and “mysterious”, which borders on a distrust of the Qur’anic account.

I take issue with some of his word choices. In recounting the persecution of the Israelites at the hands of Pharaoh in Egypt, the Qur’an mentions Pharaoh’s slaughter of Israelite boys while sparing their girls – an account identical to that in Exodus in the Bible. Khalidi describes it: “They killed your children and debauched your women.” The choice of “debauched” is not borne out by either the Qur’anic or Biblical text. Likewise, his translation of the Arabic word dhilla as “humility” is surely incorrect: most translators render it as “humiliation” or “ignominy”.

Nonetheless, Khalidi’s work serves the noble cause of drawing attention to the affinity between the subject of the Qur’an and the Bible. His call for the study of the Qur’an on its own terms is welcome – as is his observation that: “This is one area where collaboration between Muslim and non-Muslim scholarship holds much promise, in terms of both new knowledge to be gained and a better understanding of the place of the Qur’an and of Islam in the contemporary world.” The sooner this laudable project is taken up, the better it will be for our pluralistic society.

Dr Manazir Ahsan is director-general of the Islamic Foundation, and vice-chair of the Inter Faith Network

Source: http://www.ft.com

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China: Lost in Babel?

The translation industry in China has to address myriad problems to reap huge returns from building the Tower of Babel

PROFESSIONAL LOOK: Teresa Tang, a self-employed senior interpreter based in China, has completed more than 2,000 hours of simultaneous and consecutive interpretations

By day, Chen Jing is a customs declarations clerk at a Shanghai-based shipping company. After hours, she moonlights as a translator, working on everything from academic thesis abstracts to contracts to product descriptions.

At first, Chen took on the extra work, because like all those who majored in English in college, she was expected to be able of doing professional translations. But gradually, her translation services became an additional source of income, just as it has for several hundreds of thousands of other part-time translators and interpreters in China.

In addition to these amateurs, the country has 35,000 professional translators and interpreters. According to the Translators Association of China (TAC), there are more than 3,000 translation service agencies in China, 800 of which are Beijing-based. The translation industry reaped nearly 30 billion yuan ($4.3 billion) in revenue last year.

Yet, myriad problems such as varying degrees of quality, a low threshold for entering the profession, a lack of work contracts, a dearth of large, reputable translation agencies and weak professional oversight have prevented the industry from advancing in China.

Work with dignity

Transn (Beijing) Information Technology Co. Ltd., a Beijing-based linguistic services provider, conducted an online survey of translators and interpreters in China last year, shedding light on the living conditions and basic information of translators in the country.

Of all the 14,600 valid responses, 62 percent were English majors, 28 percent were science, engineering and technology majors and only 2 percent had degrees in translation. The majority of them, 62 percent, obtained a bachelor’s degree, and 18 percent had a master’s degree.

The online survey also showed that 65 percent of participants said they translated to “make a living” and were not proud of their profession. About 69 percent said they worked part-time translators or interpreters.

The Chinese clients of translation services generally assume that if a person can speak and write two languages, they can interpret or translate. And this low threshold for the profession contributes to its quality problems.

“Translators who don’t have degrees in translation or any other relative certificates compete with professional translators by charging super low rates and promising clients unreasonable deadlines,” said Geng Jiazhen, who obtained a master’s degree in translation from the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS) in 2005 and is now working as a full-time translator for the Representative Office of the United Nations Children’s Fund in Beijing. “As a result, they can’t guarantee translation quality. Their behaviors damage the ‘translator image’ and disturb the market.”

“The problem isn’t exactly all the client’s fault though,” said Nancy Tsai, a freelance interpreter and translator in Beijing. “Many people do not understand the specialized training that is needed for translation and interpretation.” Tsai obtained a master’s degree in translation and interpretation from MIIS in 2006.

“Compared with the rising demands for professional interpreters, there are few professional interpreting schools in the world,” Tsai said. It was not until last year that universities in China widely began to offer master’s degree courses in translation. There are even fewer colleges that offer interpretation training on the Chinese mainland.

Tsai said she rarely works for local Chinese clients because of the low rates.

“The professional interpreting community therefore has a responsibility to educate the client in the professional aspects of the trade,” she said. “Otherwise, everyone in the profession will likely suffer the fate of becoming blue-collar intellectuals.”

No contract guarantees

Another threat to the large quantities of freelance translators and interpreters is that they often work without contracts.

Teresa Tang, a self-employed senior interpreter based in China, told Beijing Review only one out of every 10 translation agencies sign contracts with freelance translators and interpreters in the country. Tang, who received a master’s degree in conference interpretation from MIIS in 1999, has logged more than 2,000 hours of simultaneous and consecutive interpretation over seven years.

“There is no guarantee of interpreters’ interests without contracts,” she said. “For example, the interpreter will suffer a loss if a conference is cancelled. It could also give rise to dispute over the quality of the translation.”

Most demand for interpretation services in China comes from Beijing and Shanghai. Tang said the quality of services in Beijing is generally much better than in Shanghai due to the fact that the capital hosts more large official conferences that have higher service. Most of the interpretation work in Shanghai is business-related, and companies there tend to offer services at very low rates to stay competitive.

Oh, the misery

Compared to interpreters, translators are much more miserable and “given neither the time nor the money to do a good job, ” said Eric Abrahamsen, a freelance literary translator in Beijing who also offers agent-type services for foreign publishers, literary agents and journalists.

The biggest problem for foreign publishers of Chinese literature is “a lack of information,” Abrahamsen said. “Foreign publishers simply don’t feel confident enough about choosing Chinese writers or books, and they often won’t take the risk.”

Cindy Carter, a freelance translator of Chinese literature and film since 1999, agrees.

“Literary translation is still a risky business,” she said. “For every book deal, there are at least three or four other projects that fall through or fail to materialize. This can mean a lot of wasted effort on the part of the translator and agent.”

For most of the translation agencies in China, literary translation accounts for fewer than 10 percent of their contracts, and they mainly focus on commercial and technical translations.

Apart from low translator fees, Carter said other downsides of the business include the limited number of Chinese books translated and published overseas, poor sales figures for Chinese literature in overseas markets and the long gap between the inception and the completion of a book project.

“All of these hurdles are related, ” said Carter, who has translated more than 40 Chinese films, two novels and dozens of essays, short stories and scripts. “Taken together, they magnify the problem of selling, translating and publishing Chinese literature abroad.”

In terms of film scripts and subtitle translations, Carter said young Chinese filmmakers are very conscientious about the importance of good translations and are willing to spend a great deal of time and effort making sure their subtitles are perfect.

“For this reason, many independent Chinese features and documentaries boast better subtitles than big-budget co-productions or films made through the state studio system,” she said.

Quality control

Without proper guidance and supervision, the Chinese market of translation services has lapsed into disordered competition between agencies of varying sizes and backgrounds.

China Translation and Publishing Corp. (CTPC), which was established in 1979, is one of the country’s earliest translation agencies with an outstanding reputation. Most other agencies were founded in late 1990s.

According to a survey of translation agencies in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou by Beijing Language and Culture University in 2005, only 29 of 400 agencies in the capital had more than 100 part-time and full-time translators, while about 91 percent had less than 10. The percent was smaller in the other three cities.

The situation has scarcely changed in the past three years, according to TAC.

Jiang Xiaolin, Chairman of the official translation supplier for the Beijing Olympics, Beijing Yuanpei Century Translation Co. Ltd., said his firm’s zero-mistake promise and sophisticated translation quality-control mechanisms distinguish it from smaller firms. Jiang’s firm offers 24-hour workflow monitoring, a five-stage quality control system and a three-stage examination.

“Quality control should begin before a translator sits down to translate,” Jiang said. “It’s much easier than revising the final product.”

Tougher supervision

The Translation Service Committee of the TAC was established in November 2002 to work out a series of standards and criteria for the industry. It has drafted criteria for translation and interpretation services and issued requirements for translation standards during the past several years.

It also has assessed the qualifications of nearly 100 translation agencies and granted them certificates of “Honest Services” since 2005. The committee has organized training courses based on industry standards for a dozen general managers of translation agencies nationwide in October 2006.

Still, many translation agencies have decided not to adopt TAC’s tough standards.

“We don’t use the standards for quality control TAC worked out because they are too general to be practicable,” Jiang said. “TAC should and could play a more active role in regulating the industry.”

Source: http://www.bjreview.com.cn

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Lost in translation

Have you ever noticed how in science fiction movies, all the aliens seem to speak English?

If languages were really that simple, people like Sarah Basil and Elenore Bran would be out of a job. Luckily for us, the NWT has six distinct languages, which means people like Basil and Bran will have lots of work for the foreseeable future.

“The main idea is to get the message across,” said Basil during a break at the Dene National Assembly. Basil is a Chipewyan translator. She was seated in a semi-soundproof both next to four other translators, each with their own booth

The translators wear headphones so they can hear the speaker. They then speak their translation into a microphone and the signal is broadcast through a low powered radio transmitter. Anyone wishing to listen in a different language uses a radio headset to tune into the language of his or her choice.

There is a lot more to being a translator than simply being bilingual. The job requires constant training and upgrading.

“We are trained in all aspects of life such as politics and the environment. It gives you a good foundation. We’re not greenhorns. We know what we’re talking about and the people really appreciate that,” said Bran, who translates between English and South Slavey.

The challenge in translating often comes when there is no direct translation. Many of the traditional aboriginal languages such as Slavey, Gwich’in, or Dogrib do not have words for new technologies. To overcome this difficulty, translators from all the languages attend terminology workshops to learn the jargon of mining, industry, and politics.

“Tailings pond would be translated as ‘the water that is polluted’ in most languages. That is how we help each other through the terminology,” said Basil.

Getting into the translating business is not easy. You first have to speak English and another traditional language fluently. Basil said she went to Arctic College for her training back in the late 1980s. Bran said she was hired on as an interpreter in training by the language bureau.

“I tried to get on with the CBC, but because I had been down south for 22 years they thought I might have lost some of my language. I eventually went on to become the manager of the Dene section of the language bureau,” said Bran.

Both women said they love their job because they know how important it is for all the different groups in the NWT to communicate with each other.

“When you know that you’ve made an impact by having both sides understand each other through interpretation, you know you’ve done your job,” said Bran.

Source: http://nnsl.com

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Conflictos entre francófonos y flamencos

Conflictos entre francófonos y flamencos en la raíz de la crisis belga

Los conflictos entre las dos mayores comunidades de Bélgica, la flamenca y la francófona, están en el origen de la crisis en que se encuentra actualmente el país, tras la dimisión del primer ministro, Yves Leterme:

– Descentralización del Estado – Los partidos de la región de Flandes quieren reformar el Estado federal y dar más competencias a las regiones, a lo que se oponen los de la región de Valonia, una zona más deprimida económicamente que teme quedar en desventaja y perder la solidaridad de sus vecinos del norte.

Los partidos flamencos, y en primer lugar la formación de Leterme, habían condicionado la supervivencia del Gobierno federal a la conclusión, antes del 15 de julio, de un acuerdo sobre una nueva descentralización del Estado.

– El distrito electoral Bruselas-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV) – Este asunto enfrenta desde hace más de cuarenta años a flamencos y francófonos y también formaba parte del acuerdo que tenía que alcanzar Leterme antes del 15 de julio.

BHV engloba a la capital del país y a 35 municipios flamencos de la periferia en Flandes, donde la única lengua oficial es el neerlandés, aunque algunos de ellos tienen una importante población francófona y seis de ellos tienen alcaldes francófonos.

Mientras en Flandes sólo se puede votar a listas flamencas y en Valonia a francófonas, los residentes de BHV pueden optar entre ambas.

Desde la formación de BHV en 1963, los partidos flamencos han insistido en la escisión del distrito con el argumento de que la situación no era constitucional.

En mayo de 2003, el Tribunal Constitucional sentenció que los flamencos tenían razón y dio al Gobierno cuatro años para solucionar el conflicto, plazo que terminó poco después de las pasadas elecciones en junio 2007.

Los flamencos quieren solucionar la situación anticonstitucional mediante la escisión del distrito, procurando que solo los residentes de la capital -la tercera región autónoma, de estatuto bilingüe- pueda elegir entre las listas flamencas y las francófonas.

Por su parte, los francófonos -que perderían muchos votos si se divide BHV- piden que se amplíe el territorio bilingüe de Bruselas, pero los flamencos no quieren ceder territorio a Valonia.

– Corredor Bruselas-Valonia – En las discusiones sobre la reforma del Estado, los francófonos plantearon la creación de un ‘corredor’ que uniera a Bruselas con la región francófona de Valonia, ya que la capital está rodeada de territorio flamenco -una franja muy delgada en el sur.

Sin embargo, la negativa de los flamencos, que se oponen de forma total a perder territorio, bloqueó esa posibilidad.

Aunque Bruselas es una región autónoma, se da la paradoja de que la región de Flandes tiene en esta ciudad su capital y las sedes del Parlamento y del Gobierno regionales.

– El ‘código de la vivienda’ – En diciembre de 2006 el Gobierno flamenco aprobó un ‘código de la vivienda’ que exige a los aspirantes a alquilar una vivienda social demostrar su disposición a estudiar la lengua oficial, el neerlandés.

Los francófonos acudieron a la Corte constitucional y a la Comisión Europea porque, según ellos, la medida era discriminatoria.

La semana pasada, el Tribunal rechazó su petición de anular el ‘código de vivienda’ al juzgar que no discrimina a un grupo minoritario, mientras que la CE aún no se ha pronunciado.

Desde la instalación del código varios municipios flamencos han impuesto medidas parecidas pero más radicales, como Vilvoorde, un municipio flamenco al norte de Bruselas que exige a los futuros propietarios de quince viviendas sociales que demuestren mediante un examen que hablan neerlandés.

Otro ejemplo es el municipio de Zaventem, en la periferia de Bruselas, que desde el pasado diciembre sólo permite comprar terrenos en su territorio a personas que sepan hablar neerlandés o lo estén estudiando.

Los francófonos interpretan estas medidas como discriminatorias.

Fuente: http://actualidad.terra.es

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Castilla y León promociona el español en Brasil

Herrera destaca en Brasil la «excelencia educativa» de la región para liderar la enseñanza del español

La Junta de Castilla y León, la Fundación Universia y la Universidad de Salamanca suscribieron ayer en Sao Paulo un protocolo que tiene como objetivo aumentar la difusión del aprendizaje del idioma español en Brasil con la finalidad de lograr el posicionamiento de Castilla y León como destino fundamental en el estudio del castellano para extranjeros. El acuerdo fue hecho público en un multitudinario acto celebrado en el principal auditorio de la ciudad brasileña, obra del prestigioso arquitecto Óscar Niemeyer, y al que asistieron centenares de docentes y varios rectores de universidades públicas del Estado para conocer de primera mano el Plan del Español elaborado por la Junta de Castilla y León.

El protocolo conocido ayer tiene el propósito de establecer una mutua cooperación técnica e institucional para desarrollar el Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera (DELE) promovido por la USAL y el Instituto Cervantes, que cobra más importancia tras el permiso concedido a los profesores de la red pública de Sao Paulo para ejercer la docencia de la lengua española y con la obligación del castellano como enseñanza obligatoria en las Escuelas Secundarias. Entre las iniciativas acordadas destacan, según explicó la consejera de Cultura, María José Salgueiro, ante un nutrido grupo de periodistas brasileños, la concesión de «Becas Castilla y León-Universia» -Universia colabora con más de un millar de universidad de América y España- para estudios en España de cuatro universidades públicas de Sao Paulo. Se trata de la primera región que rubrica un acuerdo de estas características con esta fundación en América. Tras destacar que «Castilla y León es un magnífico lugar para aprender el castellano», explicó que el acuerdo prevé la adjudicación de 15.000 euros para que las instituciones de enseñanza superior brasileñas y la Secretaría de Estado de Sao Paulo desarrollen actividades para la enseñanza del idioma. Otra medida es la distribución de 10 Becas-Castilla y León para estudiar en España a profesores del Estado. En total, 80 nuevas becas para profesores y estudiantes, a las que hay que sumar las acordadas el pasado lunes con el Instituto Cervantes de la localidad, lo que «convierte a Brasil en el objetivo preferente de nuestros esfuerzos destinados a garantizar la presencia de futuros enseñantes en nuestra Comunidad», como señaló también el presidente de la Junta, Juan Vicente Herrera. quien recalcó que Castilla y León tiene que ser el lugar referente para los brasileños que quieran aprender español por contar con «ciudades seguras, educación excelente, buenos servicios y la hospitalidad de sus gentes».

En el mismo escenario se entregaron a los asistentes 3.000 métodos de enseñanza elaborados por la Universidad de Valladolid y editados por la editorial Everest. La publicación, en sus distintos niveles, garantiza la obtención de un vocabulario de 5.000 palabras y es fruto de la experiencia de formación extraída de los cerca de 40.000 alumnos que visitan anualmente la Comunidad. También se constituyó la primera cátedra del español en Brasil, dotada con 30.000 euros, acordada entre la Universidad de Salamanca y la Universidad de Sao Paulo. Herrera trazó un discurso en el que recordó el peso de Castilla y León en el origen del castellano y ensalzó la «calidad máxima» de las universidades públicas «y de numerosos centros privados.

Fuente: http://www.abc.es

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Presentación del Diccionario de términos clave de ELE

Presentación del Diccionario de términos clave de ELE en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra

Este jueves  17 de julio a las 17:00 h. tendrá lugar la presentación en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra del Diccionario de términos clave de ELE, publicado por la editorial SGEL.

La presentación contará con los siguientes ponentes:

* Dr. Ernesto Martín Peris, Coordinador del Diccionario

* Dra. Paz Battner, Catedrática de Lengua Española de la Universidad Pompeu Fabra

* D. Carlos Gumpert, Director Editorial de SGEL

El Diccionario de términos clave de ELE es una obra fundamental de consulta para profesores, formadores y estudiantes de tercer ciclo, que, además de la resolución de dudas concretas, tiene otros dos objetivos:

1) Divulgar los estudios que han tenido mayor repercusión en la didáctica.

2) Ayudar a la progresiva sistematización de la terminología de esta especialidad.

El Diccionario cuenta con casi 700 términos y cada uno de ellos va acompañado de dos bibliografías: una básica y otra especializada, ya que en el libro cabe la posibilidad de hacer dos lecturas:
1) Consulta de la definición de un término.
2) Especialización y profundización de un término que además lo relaciona con otros.

Es por ello que en la elaboración de esta obra se ha pensado en destinatarios muy diversos, tanto profesores de ELE como todos aquellos interesados en el español como lengua extranjera.

Fuente: http://www.sgel.es

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